Subject: International Relations

India's foreign policy trajectory has been shaped by various doctrines, with the Gujral Doctrine emerging as a significant framework emphasizing peaceful coexistence and mutual trust with neighboring nations. Formulated by former Prime Minister I.K. Gujral in 1997, it marked a paradigm shift in India's approach towards regional diplomacy.

Key Principles of Gujral Doctrine

• Non-Reciprocity Principle: India should extend unilateral concessions to smaller neighbors without expecting immediate returns (e.g., India's water-sharing agreement with Bangladesh through the Ganges Treaty).

• No Interference: Respect for territorial integrity and non-interference in internal affairs of neighboring countries (e.g., India's neutral stance during Nepal's transition to democracy).

• Peaceful Resolution: Emphasis on bilateral negotiations to resolve disputes (e.g., India-Sri Lanka fishing disputes).

• Regional Cooperation: Promoting collective growth through initiatives like SAARC and BIMSTEC.

• Trust Building: Focus on confidence-building measures with neighboring nations.

Contemporary Relevance

Supporting Factors

• Economic Integration: Doctrine aligns with India's current Act East Policy and Neighbourhood First Policy.
• Regional Stability: Principles remain crucial for addressing modern challenges like terrorism and climate change.
• Soft Power Projection: Helps in countering China's growing influence in South Asia.

Challenges

• Changed Geopolitical Landscape: Rise of China and increasing strategic competition in Indo-Pacific.
• Regional Tensions: Recent challenges with Maldives, Nepal, and Bangladesh highlight limitations.
• Security Concerns: Cross-border terrorism and cyber threats require more robust response mechanisms.

The Gujral Doctrine remains relevant as a foundational framework, though it needs adaptation to contemporary challenges. Its principles of mutual respect and cooperation align with India's aspirations as a responsible regional power, as demonstrated through initiatives like "SAGAR" (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and vaccine diplomacy during COVID-19 pandemic.